The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity and epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, and of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical and critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, and how absolutizing its demands in such a manner as to undermine the veracity and epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism – the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions – in truth and KNOWLEDGE justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society.

The fast growing evolutions in our organizations and the organizations attempt to manage these changes efficiently reveals that in order to tackle these problems, which are threatening the existence of our organizations, and convert them into development chances we need to supply our organizations with KNOWLEDGE and KNOWLEDGE management. Having done this, it would be possible to pass through the labyrinth of current changes in today’s world and make our organizations grow in an efficient manner. In fact, KNOWLEDGE is a tool which can convert natural and individual assets into wealth and direct us to progress and improvement. In this article, with the aid of a literature survey, the concept of KNOWLEDGE and its types, KNOWLEDGE management and its associated models as well as its goals and obstacles especially in governmental organizations are described. Afterwards, there is a conclusion on how to expedite this procedure and finally, the current situation in Police Organization is discussed via interviews and document studies. This approach has been followed several times in recent years and has led to a number of outcomes.

This research was carried out with the purpose of determining the effectiveness of the self-KNOWLEDGE educational package based on the theory of existentialism on the illogical beliefs of communication on people. The statistical population included all married people who referred to counseling and psychological centers in Tehran's 1st and 3rd districts with marital problems. In the current research, experimental research method of quasi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test design with control group was used. In the research sample, 16 people who had a high level of irrational beliefs were selected voluntarily based on the answers to the voluntary questionnaire of counseling centers, and 8 people were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. The data collection tool was Adilson and Epstein's communication irrational beliefs questionnaire, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and 12 data collection training sessions. Multivariate analysis of covariance or MANOVA method was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of covariance in the Mankva text showed that in the main hypothesis, the analysis of covariance in the variable of couples' irrational beliefs (sig=0.02, F=6.059) is significant. The results of the sub-hypotheses also showed that the analysis of covariance in the variable of destructiveness, belief in the changeability of the spouse, belief in mind reading, belief in sexual perfectionism and sexual differences of couples is significant. the self-KNOWLEDGE education based on the existentialism approach is effective on the irrational beliefs of married people.

The article “Is Justified True Belief KNOWLEDGE?” by Edmund Gettier is one of the famous works in contemporary epistemology. This short article has challenged the classical definition of KNOWLEDGE by the two controversial examples and raised various disputes and solutions by epistemologists. The present article studies those examples by relying on Islamic epistemology and answers the problems by proposing a kind of causal relation that differs from the causal theory of Goldman. The main difference is that the chain of causality is between external fact and proposition KNOWLEDGE by the perception of a different form of KNOWLEDGE called “KNOWLEDGE by the present.” This causality originally has an epistemic role because it is identical to the manifestation of the external fact by appearing in perceptions that are effects of the external fact. Therefore, the perceiver grasps facts by the deeper surface of KNOWLEDGE intermediates between external fact and proposition KNOWLEDGE, and by the conceptualization of the appearance and judgment. The mind constitutes true justified beliefs therefore in Gettier’s problems, the chain of this causality is not connected in an appropriate way.

2Dear Editor, At present is the era of tremendous changes in human KNOWLEDGE. The importance of KNOWLEDGE transfers and the use of research results for decision makers, as a supplement to KNOWLEDGE production, is increasing in developed and developing countries. In Iran, KNOWLEDGE-based development is one of the pillars of the country's 20-year vision. Nevertheless, despite three decades of efforts in KNOWLEDGE translation produced in medical sciences, the status of KNOWLEDGE transfers and exchange is not satisfactory. On the other hand, due to the large amount of time, money and energy that is spent on conducting research, greater effectiveness and optimal use of its results are always the concern of managers and executives at all levels. In such a situation, it is necessary to move from the current situation to the ideal situation through review the current process, formulate intervention and solutions based on the existing context and platform, modify and improve the current trends.

Introduction: Cesarean section is considered essential for protecting both the mother’s and fetus’s health. Nevertheless, in spite of being one of the safest surgical methods, cesarean section is more dangerous for mothers than vaginal delivery. According to WHO’s report, almost 15% of the deliveries can correctly lead to cesarean. However, statistics during the previous decade show a noticeable increase in the rate of cesarean. In many cases, cesarean is not a medical necessity. According to a number of studies, pregnant women prefer not to tolerate the pain that, in turn, leads to the main cause of increasing tendencies to voluntary cesarean. Having KNOWLEDGE about pain reducing methods can, therefore, decrease such tendencies.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 390 pregnant women referring to the public health centers of Mashhad. They filled out a questionnaire about personal and obstetric information, the kind of delivery they preferred (vaginal or cesarean), and their KNOWLEDGE about pain relief methods of delivery.Results: The findings show that the study groups, i.e. those participants who favored cesarean and those who preferred vaginal delivery, showed no significant difference in age, education, and job. The main causes of tendency to vaginal delivery were found to be the fear of anesthesia and surgery as well as willingness to see the newborn immediately after giving birth. The fear of vaginal delivery pain and the physician’s diagnosis were the main causes of voluntary cesarean. 80.80% of the participants were not aware of the pain reducing methods of baby delivery.Conclusion: As suggested by the findings, the main reason for having cesarean is the fear of vaginal delivery. However, the findings also suggest that the patients are not sufficiently aware of pain relief methods due to the lack of access to the adequate information being provided by the delivery centers. It seems that raising women’s KNOWLEDGE about delivery pain reducing methods and their benefits can decrease their tendencies to voluntary cesarean.

Background and Objective: Scientific culture is a global culture, and tendency toward KNOWLEDGE is among human being’s basic needs. While classifying KNOWLEDGE, books, visible and written KNOWLEDGE and studying rate are among major factors involved in human development and information literacy of communities. The present study is conducted in KNOWLEDGE management and sharing with respect to information literacy of organizational human resources while aiming at reviewing level and manner of studying on the part of IRI Police University (IRIPU) and factors impacting it.Method: The present research is of survey type, and its relevant data collected through using questionnaire. The sample (n= 321) was estimated through using Cochran formula and were selected by quota ـbased random sampling.Findings: According to the findings of the research 80% of the respondents are so interested in studying. However, 565 of them study less than one hour during day and night. The items they study are 47% academic subjects and 52% non ـacademic subjects.  43% study magazines and newspapers, while 23% study books while studying non ـacademic items. On the average, in a year, the respondents read books including scientific and story books.Conclusion: Having a glance at different cadets in IRIPU, one can realize that they mostly study academic items and non ـacademic items, respectively. Intensive classes (84%), military exercises (92%), strictness of field training officers (FTOs) and officials (61%) are among important factors contributing to reduction of studying hours. more precise planning in training classes and military practices to provide cadets with some more leisure time for enhancing cadets’ studying time is the first priority.

2Natural hazards such as floods have a devastating impact on rural areas, particularly affecting farmers. This research aimed to analyze the KNOWLEDGE and skill levels of agricultural communities in Karaj Township regarding flood risk management. The research employed a descriptive-correlational strategy. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by researchers, with validity confirmed by academic staff from the University of Zanjan and Tarbiat Modares University. The Cronbach's alpha test (coefficient of 0.91) confirmed the reliability of the measurement. The statistical population of the research included 1,188 farmers in Karaj Township affected by floods from 2018 to 2023. The statistical population of the research comprised farmers in Karaj Township affected by floods from 2018 to 2023, totaling 1,188 farmers. The Cochran formula determined a sample size of 112 farmers. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed and reviewed using the weighted score and the priority level of each item was identified. The results indicated that the technical KNOWLEDGE of 82.1% of the study subjects in flood management was at an average level or lower, and the skills of 72.3% of them in flood management were also at an average level or lower. Moreover, the correlation test indicated a significantly positive relationship between farmers' flood management KNOWLEDGE and their level of education, the number of support loans received, the amount of compensation from agricultural insurance, communication with farmers in their village and neighboring villages, participation in flood management extension-training courses, and the use of mass and electronic extension media in flood management. Their KNOWLEDGE was also negatively associated with their age. Furthermore, farmers' flood management skills were directly and significantly related to agricultural income, annual income, support loans received, compensation from agricultural insurance, level of education, and household size. However, these skills were negatively associated with age. It is recommended to create job security, improve farmers’ social status, encourage their children to study agricultural fields and provide a platform for educated individuals to enter the agricultural sector.